Evidence That Skeletal Muscles Modulate HDL-Cholesterol in Metabolic Healthy Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Anthropometric, Body Composition and Laboratory Parameters
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Association between SMI and All Plasma Lipid Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATP III | Adult Treatment Panel III |
BIA | Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis |
BIVA | Bioelectrical Vector Analysis |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CETP | Cholesteryl ester transfer protein |
CT | Computed Tomography |
ECW | Extracellular Water |
FFM | Fat Free Mass |
FFMI | Fat Free Mass Index |
FM | Fat Mass |
FMI | Fat Mass Index |
Gly | Glycemia |
GOT | Glutamic-Oxalacetic Transaminase |
GPT | Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase |
HDL-C | High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol |
HOMA index | Homeostasis Model Assessment index |
IMAT | Intermuscular Adipose Tissue |
IRQ | Interquartile range |
LDL-C | Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol |
LPL | Lipoprotein Lipase |
MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
MS | Metabolic Syndrome |
NCEP | National Cholesterol Education Program |
NW | Normal weight |
Ob | Obese |
OW | Overweight |
Q1 | first quartile |
Q3 | third quartile |
Rs | Resistance |
SM | Skeletal Muscle |
SMI | Skeletal Muscle Index |
TBW | Total body water |
TBW | Total Body Water |
TG | Triglycerides |
TRL | Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins |
VLDL | Very Low-Density Lipoproteins |
WHO | World Health Organization |
Xc | Reactance |
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NW N = 55 | OW N = 149 | OB N = 246 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric Parameters | ||||
Age (years) | 28 ± 7 [26, 30] b | 29 ± 7 [28, 30] | 31 ± 7 [30, 31] | 0.031 * |
Weight (kg) | 63 ± 8 [61, 65] a,b | 77 ± 10 [76, 79] c | 98 ± 15 [96, 100] | <0.001 ** |
Height (cm) | 165 ± 9 [162, 167] | 166 ± 9 [165, 168] c | 166 ± 10 [165, 168] | 0.398 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 1.4 [23, 24] a,b | 27.8 ± 1.5 [28, 28] c | 35.3 ± 4.1 [35, 36] | <0.001 ** |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 80 ± 6 [79, 82] a,b | 92 ± 8 [91, 94] c | 109 ± 11 [107, 110] | <0.001 ** |
Body composition | ||||
R (Ω) | 585 ± 68 [567, 604] a,b | 543 ± 75 [530, 555] c | 474 ± 60 [466, 481] | <0.001 ** |
Xc (Ω) | 68 ± 8 [66, 70] a,b | 65 ± 8 [64, 66] c | 60 ± 8 [59, 61] | <0.001 ** |
Φ (degrees) | 6.67 ± 0.80 [6.5, 6.9] b | 6.90 ± 0.87 [6.8, 7.0] c | 7.25 ± 0.91 [7.1, 7.4] | <0.001 ** |
Vector Length (Ω/m) | 361 ± 53 [346, 375] a,b | 330 ± 55 [321, 339] c | 289 ± 46 [283, 295] | <0.001 ** |
FMI (kg/m2) | 10 ± 3 [9.2, 11] a,b | 15 ±3 [14, 15] c | 22 ± 6 [22, 23] | <0.001 ** |
SMI (kg/m2) | 9.88 ± 1.15 [9.6, 10] a,b | 10.59 ±1.49 [10, 11] c | 11.83 ± 1.45 [12, 12] | <0.001 ** |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | 84 ± 8 [82, 86] b | 87 ± 10 [85, 89] c | 90 ± 11 [88, 91] | <0.001 ** |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181 ± 39 [170, 191] | 179 ± 33 [174, 184] c | 190 ± 36 [185, 195] | 0.007 ** |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56 ± 13 [52, 59] b | 52 ± 11 [51, 54] c | 48 ± 11 [47, 49] | <0.001 ** |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107 ± 31 [98, 115] b | 106 ± 28 [102, 111] c | 116 ± 32 [112, 120] | 0.005 ** |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 92 ± 56 [77, 107] b | 100 ± 66 [90, 111] c | 130 ± 62 [122, 138] | <0.001 ** |
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Lonardo, M.S.; Guida, B.; Cacciapuoti, N.; Chiurazzi, M.; Pacella, D.; Cataldi, M. Evidence That Skeletal Muscles Modulate HDL-Cholesterol in Metabolic Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081110
Lonardo MS, Guida B, Cacciapuoti N, Chiurazzi M, Pacella D, Cataldi M. Evidence That Skeletal Muscles Modulate HDL-Cholesterol in Metabolic Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients. 2024; 16(8):1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081110
Chicago/Turabian StyleLonardo, Maria Serena, Bruna Guida, Nunzia Cacciapuoti, Martina Chiurazzi, Daniela Pacella, and Mauro Cataldi. 2024. "Evidence That Skeletal Muscles Modulate HDL-Cholesterol in Metabolic Healthy Young Adults" Nutrients 16, no. 8: 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081110